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Death rate from drug use IHME, age-standardized.Death rate from amphetamine overdoses WHO.Death rate from alcohol and drug use disorders.DALY rates from drug use disorders by age.Coverage of treatment interventions for substance use disorders.Alcohol and drug use disorders as a share of total disease burden.

Share of population with drug use disorders.Drug overdose death rates United States (CDC WONDER).Death rate from opioid overdoses IHME, age-standardized.Death rate from drug use disorders IHME, age-standardized.Death rate from cocaine overdoses IHME, age-standardized.Death rate from amphetamine overdoses IHME, age-standardized.This means they assume the structure of the population is the same across countries, and over time. Since the age and structure of populations will differ between countries and will change over time, death rates have been age-standardized. Death rates are measured as the number of people that die from overdoses per 100,000 people in the population.

This has also involved a significant increase in treatment services. The third phase – since 2013 – has seen a shift towards synthetic opioids including fentanyl. The second phase involved a tightening of these restrictions alongside a shift in drug use towards heroin. The first phase involved an increase in the use of prescribed opioids as a result of lenient regulations on prescriptions and marketing by pharmaceuticals. They describe the crisis as evolving in three phases, over several decades from the 1990s. (2021) provide a detailed analysis on the rise in opioid deaths. Opioids are used in prescription drugs and pain-relievers – such as Ox圜ontin and Vicodin – in synthetic opioids such as fentanyl or drugs such as heroin. Opioid deaths have risen steeply in recent years – most notably in the United States.

Most of these deaths are the result of opioid overdoses. Globally, more than 100,000 people die from drug overdoses every year. Opioids were responsible for the largest number of drug overdoses

Illicit drugs include pharmaceutical drugs – such as heroin and other opioids and benzodiazepines plant-based drugs – such as cocaine and cannabis and synthetic drugs – such as amphetamines.

It does not include alcohol, or smoking, which we cover separately in our pages on Alcohol consumption and Smoking.

The data presented here is for illicit drug use only.

Substance use disorders include alcohol and all illicit drugs (whether prescribed or otherwise) including opioids, cocaine, amphetamine, and cannabis.

The IHME’s definition of a substance use disorder is based on the WHO’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

This is therefore also true for all global figures. The IHME Global Burden of Disease attempts to fill these gaps, but these estimates come with a high level of uncertainty. While high-quality data in richer countries often exists, data on illicit drug use in poorer countries is often limited.

There are large differences in the quality and availability of data across the world.

This is currently one of the few sources that produces global-level estimates across most countries on the prevalence and disease burden of substance use disorders.

These estimates come from the Global Burden of Disease study published annually by the Institute for Health Metrics (IHME).